{"id":163,"date":"2018-10-22T22:44:27","date_gmt":"2018-10-22T22:44:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/conferences.law.stanford.edu\/prototyping-for-policy\/?p=163"},"modified":"2021-11-08T01:03:17","modified_gmt":"2021-11-08T01:03:17","slug":"prototyping-in-policy-what-for","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/conferences.law.stanford.edu\/prototyping-for-policy\/2018\/10\/22\/prototyping-in-policy-what-for\/","title":{"rendered":"Prototyping in Policy: What For?!"},"content":{"rendered":"

by Verena Kontschieder<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Prototyping in Policy\u200a\u2014\u200aWhat\u00a0For?!<\/h1>\n

If you ask\u00a0The Economist<\/em>, design researchers at Stanford, or EU policy-makers the same question\u200a\u2014\u200a\u201cWhat\u2019s a recent and potentially impactful case of policy prototyping?\u201d\u200a\u2014\u200ayou\u2019re probably going to hear a similar answer.<\/p>\n

They will very likely quote what has become known as\u00a0the Finnish two-year \u2018experiment\u2019<\/a>. This project was meant to serve unemployed people with unconditional basic income, rather than unemployment benefits. It was designed to evaluate the policy\u2019s outcomes over a ten-year lifespan.<\/p>\n

In terms of design, this Finnish experiment could be considered a \u2018prototype\u2019 of a policy. Prior to rolling out a new rule, program, or institution fully, a prototype can be a quicker way to understand its value and impacts\u200a\u2014\u200aeven before a more official \u201cpilot\u201d. Typically, in design work, a prototype is a low-resource, more quickly deployed version of the thing, that can be used to run experiments, test the thing, and see whether to invest in it more fully.<\/p>\n

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Illustrated by Margaret Hagan for our\u00a0Prototyping for Policy Summit<\/a>, 9\u201310 November\u00a02018<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D<\/span>esign researchers call prototypes \u2018things we make to find out things\u2019 (Stappers, 2013). The goal of prototyping is not to finish, but to learn about the strengths and weaknesses of an idea and to identify new directions (Brown, 2008). Considered a way of making, prototypes are\u00a0\u201cphysical manifestations of ideas or concepts [that] range from rough (giving the overall idea only) to finished (resembling the actual end result)\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Sanders & Stappers, 2014).<\/p>\n

Prototypes turn an idea into a form to explore both technical and social feasibility. Whether an idea eventually fails or succeeds, prototyping can help policy-makers, researchers, and others to make the idea more real before investing heavily in it. It helps us sketch, in low-risk and low-resource ways, how a new policy might work. Ideally, it can \u2018fail-forward\u2019 or point to better ways to pilot it more robustly. The focus is not on the final outcome (the success or failure), but on the path and its learnings.<\/p>\n

This proposed way of gradually approaching an end result in a path-driven manner calls for a change of how the policy cycle suggests how to make policy in the first place. The policy cycle model, as it is generally known (Howlett, Ramesh, & Perl, 2009; Lasswell, 1956), depicts the stages to go through\u200a\u2014\u200ausually problem definition, agenda-setting, policy formulation, decision-making, implementation, and evaluation\u200a\u2014\u200ato obtain a final policy.<\/p>\n

This traditional model resembles and prompts a highly sequential way of looking at policy. It usually presents a 5 or 6 stage policy cycle (OECD, 2017), that doesn\u2019t contain concurring elements. Most importantly, the policy formulation and evaluation stages are clearly delineated from each other. It also proposes that actors responsible focus on one particular stage only, with limited horizontal collaboration. Those involved in deciding about what the final policy choice will be usually pertain to the policy sphere.<\/p>\n

All of those elements have been overhauled long ago in the product design discipline. Designers have created new ways to solve problems, that policymakers can learn from. While it remains debatable whether policy should be treated the same way products or services are, we can speculate about what has hindered a design-inspired prototyping approach to policy so far.<\/p>\n

There is one major factor\u200a\u2014\u200aa very human-rooted one\u200a\u2014\u200athat renders prototyping in policy difficult. Policy reviews are considered\u00a0\u201ca failure\u201d<\/em>\u00a0in policy organizations (according to my ongoing PhD research since 2016). While failing seems to not generally be as problematic in design or entrepreneurship spheres, the policy sector, and people who work in it are, relatively speaking, highly risk-averse (Meijer, 2014; Osborne & Brown, 2013). An essential question to keep in mind when suggesting prototyping for the making of policy is thus:<\/p>\n

How can we encourage ongoing policy reviews, where they are seen as a failure that is culturally not accepted in the first place?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

To my understanding, prototyping might not be entirely new to the public sector. In a more traditional form called \u2018piloting\u2019 it has been around since the 60s. Still, pilots tend to be relatively established and finite. What would \u201ca pre-pilot prototype\u201d then be? Especially prototypes that are about understanding and learning\u200a\u2014\u200anot just creating political buy-in and legitimacy for an idea (Jowell, 2003).<\/p>\n

For the introduction of the designerly understanding of prototyping to unfold \u201cfor real\u201d in policy, two further aspects need be clarified. One addresses\u00a0costs<\/em>: What is the political, monetary, and social cost of learning from failure? The second one is about\u00a0readiness<\/em>: If revisiting it, how fast can one effectively change and twist the policy? Andrews, Pritchett, and Woolcock (2013) complain that government and organizations pretend to reform by changing what policies or organizations\u00a0look like<\/em>\u00a0rather than what they actually\u00a0do<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Junginger (2017) emphasizes that policy does not typically provide for ideas or visions that enable translation into action. Such political idiosyncrasies render policy a particular environment for the application of prototyping techniques as we know them. These particularities need to be addressed, with the core questions being:\u00a0What\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0when\u00a0<\/em>is there to prototype in policy, and\u00a0how<\/em>?<\/p>\n

As Houde and Hill (1997) explain, prototypes are\u00a0not\u00a0<\/em>\u2018self-explanatory\u2019. Selecting the focus of a prototype is the art of identifying key design questions that remain unanswered. They provide a taxonomy of prototypes and thus one way of clarifying\u00a0what prototypes prototype<\/em>, categorizing the latter into \u2018role\u2019, \u2018look and feel\u2019 and \u2018implementation\u2019 prototypes.<\/p>\n

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One way of looking at what a prototype prototypes\u200a\u2014\u200aalso for policy. Illustrated by Verena Kontschieder, based on Houde and Hill\u00a0(1997)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Suggesting one taxonomy for policy prototypes inspired by their work, and providing one option to the question\u00a0What do policy prototypes prototype?\u00a0<\/em>we could make sense of prototyping for policy as follows:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Role<\/strong>\u00a0How does the policy impact the citizen?<\/li>\n
  • Look & feel<\/strong>\u00a0How does it feel to the citizen?<\/li>\n
  • Implementation<\/strong>\u00a0How does it work?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    What remains the most valuable part of prototyping for policy is that it provides a chance to integrate people\u2019s experience of policy while crafting and making it. There is potential to put the service-focus front and center in the making of policy, throughout the stages of the policy-making cycle. In a predominantly output- and outcome-oriented policy-making industry, driven (and mostly failed) by New Public Management ideals, the service or experience character of the product policy was left with little consideration.<\/p>\n

    Changing and replacing a systemic, deterministic approach with a more\u00a0granular, humanistic approach is what prototyping can do for policy,<\/strong>especially through the partitioning of complex systems that it proposes (Camburn et al., 2017).<\/p>\n

    Given that public services can be considered\u00a0\u201cthe means through which policies get enacted and through which policies become real\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Junginger, 2017), if we manage to break down or (re-)compose the policy puzzle as a togetherness of its services for the respective policy end users\u200a\u2014\u200aalso in the case of legal frameworks, protocols, or standards\u200a\u2014\u200awe might be able to provide an initial version for the making of policy in a prototyping fashion. We can make a first set of prototypes for later policy prototypes. They may succeed or fail as a whole or in part. The cost of not trying it out might be higher than the one of doing so.<\/p>\n

    References<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Andrews, M., Pritchett, L., & Woolcock, M. 2013. Escaping capability traps through problem driven iterative adaptation (PDIA).\u00a0World Development<\/em><\/strong>, 51: 234\u2013244.<\/p>\n

    Brown, T. 2008. Design Thinking,\u00a0Harvard Business Review<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Camburn, B. A., Arlitt, R., Perez, K. B., Anderson, D., Choo, P. K., Lim, T., Gilmour, A., & Wood, K. 2017. Design prototyping of systems.\u00a0ICED 2017<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Greiner, D. J., & Matthews, A. 2016. Randomized control trials in the United States legal profession.\u00a0Annual Review of Law and Social Science<\/em><\/strong>, 12: 295\u2013312.<\/p>\n

    Houde, S., & Hill, C. 1997. What do prototypes prototype.\u00a0Handbook of human-computer interaction<\/em><\/strong>, 2: 367\u2013381.<\/p>\n

    Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. 2009.\u00a0Studying public policy: Policy cycles and policy subsystems<\/em><\/strong>: Oxford University Press Oxford.<\/p>\n

    Jowell, R. 2003. Trying It Out. The Role of \u2018Pilots\u2019 in Policy-Making\u200a\u2014\u200aReport of a Review of Government Pilots. London, UK: UK Cabinet Office.<\/p>\n

    Junginger, S. 2017.\u00a0Transforming Public Services by Design\u00a0: Re-Orienting Policies, Organizations and Services Around People<\/em><\/strong>. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.<\/p>\n

    Lasswell, H. D. 1956.\u00a0The decision process: Seven categories of functional analysis<\/em><\/strong>: Bureau of Governmental Research, College of Business and Public Administration, University of Maryland.<\/p>\n

    Meijer, A. J. 2014. From Hero-Innovators to Distributed Heroism: An in-depth analysis of the role of individuals in public sector innovation.\u00a0Public Management Review<\/em><\/strong>, 16(2): 199\u2013216.<\/p>\n

    OECD. 2017. Fostering Public Sector Innovation. Paris, France.<\/p>\n

    Osborne, S. P., & Brown, L. 2013.\u00a0Handbook of innovation in public services<\/em><\/strong>: Edward Elgar Publishing.<\/p>\n

    Sanders, E. B.-N., & Stappers, P. J. 2014. Probes, toolkits and prototypes: three approaches to making in codesigning.\u00a0CoDesign<\/em><\/strong>, 10(1): 5\u201314.<\/p>\n

    Stappers, P. J. 2013. Prototypes as central vein for knowledge development.\u00a0Prototype: Design and craft in the 21st century<\/em><\/strong>: 85\u201398.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    by Verena Kontschieder Prototyping in Policy\u200a\u2014\u200aWhat\u00a0For?! If you ask\u00a0The Economist, design researchers at Stanford, or EU policy-makers the same question\u200a\u2014\u200a\u201cWhat\u2019s a recent and potentially impactful case of policy prototyping?\u201d\u200a\u2014\u200ayou\u2019re probably going to hear a similar answer. They will very likely quote what has become known as\u00a0the Finnish two-year \u2018experiment\u2019. This project was meant to serve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-163","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"\nPrototyping in Policy: What For?! - Prototyping for Policy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/conferences.law.stanford.edu\/prototyping-for-policy\/2018\/10\/22\/prototyping-in-policy-what-for\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prototyping in Policy: What For?! - Prototyping for Policy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Verena Kontschieder Prototyping in Policy\u200a\u2014\u200aWhat\u00a0For?! If you ask\u00a0The Economist, design researchers at Stanford, or EU policy-makers the same question\u200a\u2014\u200a\u201cWhat\u2019s a recent and potentially impactful case of policy prototyping?\u201d\u200a\u2014\u200ayou\u2019re probably going to hear a similar answer. They will very likely quote what has become known as\u00a0the Finnish two-year \u2018experiment\u2019. 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