There have been numerous investigations into the past two presidents, from a special counsel investigation into President Biden’s handling of classified documents to a similar investigation of President Trump’s storage of classified materials, among other investigations into Trump, along with countless congressional investigations. What are the historical roots of and norms for investigations into presidents? That is, what role have investigations served, how frequent have they been, and what were their purposes and results? And what does that tell us about how investigations are being used – or misused – today, and how they should be used going forward?
Moderator: Judge Danielle J. Forrest, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit



